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安徽师范大学2021年考研真题：652基础英语

考试科目：652基础英语

适用专业：050200外国语言文学

Part I. Vocabulary (20 points)

Directions: There are twenty sentences in this part. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.

1. To illustrate the limits of First Amendment free speech, many have noted that the Constitution does not give you the right to falsely（   ）“Fire! in a crowded theater.

A. yelp

B. yank

C. yell

D. yield

2. The whole class was in（   ） over the result of the mid-term examination.

A. suspension

B. suspense

C. suspending

D. suspender

3. The institution（   ）casinos has urged officials not to grant a license to a facility in the city.

A. opposed to

B. objected to

C. posed against

D. protested against

4. Today, Lincoln is widely regarded as one of the greatest presidents in American history, in part because he helped to（   ）end slavery.

A. perpetually

B. durably

C. permanently

D. eternally

5. He said it would not be all that difficult to reach a peaceful conclusion to the, （   ）

A. paradox

B. dilemma

C. prejudice

D. conflict

6. We saw the canoe（   ）, throwing its passengers into the water.

A. prostrate

B. overturn

C. simulate

D. brag

7. The island is maintained as a（   ）for endangered species.

A. wetland

B. sanctuary

C. mire

D. heath

8. I assure you there was no（   ）motive in my suggestion.

A. ulterior

B. stationary

C. vulgar

D. toxic

9. No one was allowed to（   ）on the livelihood of his neighbours.

A. wade

B. invoke

C. muffle

D. infringe

10. He tried to（   ）between his colleagues and the management.

A. meditate

B. mendicant

C. mitigate

D. mediate

11. The man is quite a，（   ）, and he always wears expensive new clothes.

A. dainty

B. dagger

C. dandy

D. sloven

12. This sum of money is（   ）for our research on the old houses in Shanghai.

A. elated

B. earmarked

C. elicited

D. eluded

13. Modern medical search results have proved that some diseases（   ）are present by

A. heredity

B. heresy

C. heterodox

D. hegemony

14. The, （   ）pressure of modern life grows to be extremely unbearable to him.

A. insolent

B. inquisitive

C. indubitable

D. insidious

15. He supplements his,（   ）income by working on Saturdays.

A. copious

B. meager

C. sterile

D. scant

16. Archaeologists are involved in（   ）Mayan temples in Central America, uncovering the old ruins in order to learn more about the civilization they represent.

A. demolishing

B. adapting

C. excavating

D. worshiping

17. Afraid that the（   ）nature of the plays being presented would corrupt the morals of their audiences, the Puritans closed the theaters in 1642.

A. mediocre

B. fantastic

C. profound

D. lewd

18. An experienced politician who knew better than to launch a campaign in troubled political waters, she intended to wait for a more（   ）occasion before she announced her plans.

A. propitious

B. unseemly

C. questionable

D. theoretical

19. The seventeenth-century writer Mary Astell was a rare phenomenon, a single woman who maintained and even（   ）a respectable reputation while earning a living by her pen.

A. impaired

B. eclipsed

C. avoided

D. enhanced

20. The patient bore the pain（   ） , neither wincing nor whimpering when the incision was made.

A. stoically

B. sardonically

C. poorly

D. marginally

Part II. Reading Comprehension (40 points)

Directions: Read each text carefully and make the best choice based on the information in the text. There is only one correct answer to each question.

Text 1

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to .

A. speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem

B. identify a problem

C. bring together disparate facts

D. stipulate clear goals

2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?

A. They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.

B. They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

C. They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.

D. They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?

A. Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.

B. Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.

C. Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.

D. Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.

4. The text provides support for which of the following statements?

A. Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.

B. Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.

C. Managers' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.

D. Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?

A. An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.

B. A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.

C. The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.

D. Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.

Text 2

The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean. Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.

Keasey's research raises two key questions for develop- mental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor's action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Ann's pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it“ so somebody won't fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad."" Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.

Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.

6. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?

A. An outline for future research.

B. An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms.

C. An analysis of a dispute between two theorists.

D. A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry.

7. According to the passage, Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten six year olds acquired which of the following abilities?

A. Differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harm.

B. Identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful action.

C. Justifying harmful actions that result from provocation.

D. Evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules.

8. According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of the following points?

A. The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit.

B. The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm.

C. The intentions children have in perpetrating harm.

D. The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts.

9. According to the passage, Keasey's findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?

A. They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.

B. They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.

C. They do not understand the concept of public duty.

D. They accept moral judgment made by their peers more easily than do older children.

10. According to the passage, the research of Nesdale and Rule suggests which of the following about five-year-old children?

A. Their reactions to intentional and accidental harm determine the severity of the punishments they assign.

B. They, as perpetrators of harmful acts, disregard the feelings of the children they harm.

C. They take into account the motivations of actions when judging the behavior of other children.

D. They view public duty as a justification for accidental, but not intentional, harm.

Text 3

The first clue came when I got my hair cut. The stylist offered not just the usual coffee or tea but a complimentary nail-polish change while I waited for my hair to dry. Maybe she hoped this little amenity would slow the growing inclination of women to stretch each haircut to last four months while nursing our hair back to whatever natural colour we long ago forgot.

Then there was the appliance salesman who offered to carry my bags as we toured the microwave aisle.

When I called my husband to ask him to check some specs online, the salesman offered a pre-emptive discount, lest the surfing turn up the same model cheaper in another store. That night, for the first time, I saw the Hyundai ad promising shoppers that if they buy a car and then lose their job in the next year, they can return it.

Suddenly everything's on sale. The upside to the economic downturn is the immense incentive it gives retailers to treat you like a queen for a day. During the flush times, salespeople were surly, waiters snobby.

But now the customer rules, just for showing up. There's more room to stretch out on the flight, even in a coach. The malls have that serene aura of undisturbed wilderness, with scarcely a shopper in sight. Every conversation with anyone selling anything is a pantomime of pain and bluff. Finger the scarf, then start to walk away, and its price floats silkily downward. When the mechanic calls to tell you that brakes and a timing belt and other services will run close to $2,000, it's time to break out the newly perfected art of the considered pause. You really don't even have to say anything pitiful before he'll offer to knock a few hundred dollars off.

Restaurants are also caught in a fit of ardent hospitality, especially around Wall Street: Trinity Place offers $3 drinks at happy hour any day the market goes down, with the slogan “Market tanked? Get tanked!"-which ensures a lively crowd for the closing bell. The“21”Club has decided that men no longer need to wear ties, so long as they bring their wallets. Food itself is friendlier: you notice more comfort food, a truce between chef and patron that is easier to enjoy now that you can get a table practically anywhere. New York Times restaurant critic Frank Bruni characterizes the new restaurant demeanor as “extreme solicitousness tinged with outright desperation." “You need to hug the customer,” one owner told him.

There's a chance that eventually we' II return all this kindness with the extravagant spending that was once decried but now everyone is hoping will restart the economy. But human nature is funny that way. In dangerous times, we clench and squint at the deal that looks too good to miss, suspecting that it must be too good to be true. Is the store with the super cheap flat screens going to go bust and thus not be there to honor the “free” extended warranty? Is there something wrong with that free cheese? Store owners will tell you horror stories about shoppers with attitude, who walk in demanding discounts and flaunt their new power at every turn. These store owners wince as they sense bad habit forming: Will people expect discounts forever?

Will their hard-won brand luster be forever cheapened, especially for items whose allure depends on their being ridiculously priced?

There will surely come a day when things go back to “normal"; retail sales even inched up in January after sinking for the previous six months. But I wonder what it will take for US to see those $545 Sigerson Morrison studded toe-ring sandals as reasonable? Bargain-hunting can be addictive regardless of the state of the markets, and haggling is a low-risk, high-value contact sport. Trauma digs deep into habit, like my 85-year-old mother still calling her canned-goods cabinet “the bomb shelter." The children of the First Depression were saving string and preaching sacrifice long after the skies cleared. They came to be called the “greatest generation." As we learn to be decent stewards of our resources, who knows what might come of it? We have lived in an age of wanton waste, and there is value in practicing conservation that goes far beyond our own bottom line.

11. According to the passage, what does “the first clue” suggest?

A. Shops try all kinds of means to please customers.

B. Shops, large or small, are offering big discounts.

C. Women tend to have their hair cut less frequently.

D. Customers refrain from buying things impulsively,

12. Which of the following best depicts the retailers now?

A. Bad-tempered.

B. Highly motivated.

C. Over-friendly.

D. Deeply frustrated.

13. What does the author mean by “the newly perfected art of the considered pause"?

A. Customers now rush to buy things on sale.

B. Customers have got a sense of superiority.

C. Customers have learned how to bargain.

D. Customers have higher demands for service.

14. According to the passage, “sopr..lauit their new power at every turn” means that shoppers would

A. keep asking for more discounts

B. like to show that they are powerful

C. like to show off their wealth

D. have more doubts or suspicion

15. What is the author's main message in the last two paragraphs?

A. Extravagant spending would boost economic growth.

B. One's life experience would turn into lifelong habits.

C. Customers should expect discounts for luxury goods.

D. The practice of frugality is of great importance.

Text4

As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different populations makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.

To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have “density-dependent" growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have “density-independent" growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.

This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.

In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signa!" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce “noise” in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and is effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.

16. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

A. discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance

B. describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur

C. proposing a hypothesis concerning population sizes and suggesting ways to test it

D. posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answers

17. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers the dichotomy discussed in the second paragraph to be

A. applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations

B. useful, but only. if its limitations are recognized

C. dangerously misleading in most circumstances

D. a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena

18. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about density-dependent factors in population growth?

A. They ultimately account for long-term population levels.

B. They have little to do with long-term population dynamics.

C. They are always more easily isolated and described than those that are density-independent.

D. They include random environmental events.

19. According to the passage, all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT

A. roughly constant population levels from year to year

B. regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers

C. erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather

D. unchecked increases in numbers over many generations

20. In the passage, the author does all of the following EXCEPT

A. cite the views of other biologists

B. define a basic problem that the passage addresses

C. present conceptual categories used by other biologists

D. describe the results of a particular study

Part II. Knowledge of the Target Language and Culture (15 points)

A. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question. (5 points)

1. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?

A. In the southeast of England.

B. In the northeast of England.

C. In the southeast of Scotland.

D. In the northeast of Scotland.

2. Which period of time in British history was described as “private affluence and public squalor'?

A. The 1940s.

B. The 1970s.

C. The 1980s.

D. The 1990s.

3. Among the following writers, who was NOT one of the great trio?

A. Ben Johnson

B. William Shakespeare

C. Thomas Malory

D. Christopher Marlowe

4. Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?

A. France, China, Germany, Russia and Britain.

B. The United States, France, Britain, Germany and Russia.

C. China, Britain, France, the Unite States and Japan.

D. China, Russia, France, Britain and the United States.

5. Which celebration particularly happens on the Queen's birthday?

A. Trooping the Colour.

B. The Orange March.

C. Bonfires.

D. Masquerades.

6. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except_____.

A. George Washington

B. Thomas Jefferson

C. William Penn

D. Benjamin Franklin

7. Which of the following is not a power of the president of the United States?

A. The president can make laws.

B. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur.

C. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.

D. The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives

regarding the work of the federal departments.

8. The “American system” of mass production was first used in

A. car industry

B. firearms industry

C. textile industry

D. agriculture

9. Three of the following authors are Nobel Prize winners. Which one is NOT?

A. Ernest Hemingway

B. Eugene O'Neill

C. William Faulkner

D. F. Scott Fit: gerald

10. The reason why many young people were involved in the so :ial movements of the 1960s was that

A. they resented traditional white male values in US society

B. they love America so much

C. they thought they knew better than their teachers

D. they viewed the adult world with grave doubt

B. Tell what you know about the following in your own words briefly. (10 points)

1. Wimbledon

2. The House of Lords

3. Virginia Woolf

4. The Scarlet Letter

5. The NRA

Part IV. Cloze (20 points)

Directions: Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank. Note: each word can only be used once. You don t have to change the form of words.

Imitates          overlaid          contrary         situation         criticism

reason       point         delivering       approval        oversimplifies

model       follow       unpleasant          only          authority

quietly       across       attain        award       element

To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example（1）No child （2）every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to （3） is ignored while he takes over（4） patterns from some other examples. Therefore, we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”.

Look at it from the child's （5） of view. Here he is in a new （6） , lacking a ready responsc. Hc is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot （7）out what to do, he observes a （8） who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an（9）or expert who can show what to do.

There is a second （10）at work in this situation. The child may be able to（11） his immediate goal （12） to find that his method brings （13） from people who observe him. When shouting （14） the house achieves his immediate end of （15） a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is （16）, that he should walk into the next room and say his say （17）Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is （18） with the desire to solve it properly.

One of the early things a child learns is that he gets more affection and （19）when his parents like his response. The other adults （20） some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

Part V. Translation (15 points)

A. Translate the following English passage into Chinese, paying attention to accuracy and readability.

(6 Points)

There is, however, between a good detective story and a bad detective story as much, or, rather more, difference than there is between a good epic and a bad one. The first essential value of the detective story lies in this, that it is the earliest and only form of popular literature in which is expressed some sense of the poetry of modern life.

B. Translate the following Chinese passage into English, paying attention to accuracy and readability.

(9 Points)

我的建议是:“不要抛弃学问”。以前的功课也许有一大部分是为了这张毕业文凭，不得已而做的，从今以后，你们可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了。趁现在年富力强的时候，努力做一种专门学问。少年时一去不复返，等到精力衰退时，要做学问也来不及了。即为吃饭计，学问也绝不会辜负人。

Part VI. Composition (40 points)

People sometimes should do things that they do not enjoy doing.

Write an essay of no less than 400 words that you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position .

Please write your essay in English on your Answer Sheet.